Topic
The Supreme Court is India's highest court. Its judgments bind every court in the country.
212 storiesLatest 16 Oct 2026, 18:13 ISTOfficial website
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The Supreme Court dismissed appeals by YES Bank, RBI and the Centre, upholding a Bombay High Court ruling that set aside the 2020 write-down of YES Bank's Additional Tier 1 bonds.
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The Supreme Court dismissed appeals against insolvency petitions by Omkara Asset Reconstruction against two hotel firms, holding that a default recorded with an information utility is sufficient proof.
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When Jaypee Infratech mortgaged 858 acres to secure its parent's debt, the Supreme Court held the charges were preferential transactions avoidable under Section 43 of the IBC. Here is the defence playbook.
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The Supreme Court's 16 March 2021 ruling in Neena Aneja v Jai Prakash Associates fixed where consumer complaints filed before the 2019 Act's 20 July 2020 commencement are heard.
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Swiss Ribbons v. Union of India (25 January 2019) upheld the IBC's unequal treatment of financial and operational creditors under Article 14 and the 90% voting threshold needed to withdraw an admitted insolvency case.
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N. Harihara Krishnan v J. Thomas (2018) holds cognizance under Section 142 NI Act is accused-wise: a cheque-bounce complaint must name the right accused, and adding one later needs a fresh complaint within the one-month limit.
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The Supreme Court's 2018 ruling in ITC v. Blue Coast Hotels holds symbolic possession under SARFAESI is valid and does not void a completed auction: a borrower's playbook on notices and DRT appeals.
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The Supreme Court in Babulal Vardharji (2020) held Article 137 gives a financial creditor just three years from default to file a Section 7 IBC petition. We explain the ruling.
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The Supreme Court's 2017 Innoventive Industries ruling held Section 238 of the IBC overrides state relief laws. Here is how the non-obstante clause, SARFAESI notices and DRT appeals actually work for borrowers.
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On 27 July 2022 the Supreme Court in Vijay Madanlal Choudhary upheld the Section 45 PMLA twin bail conditions and the ED's arrest, attachment and Section 50 powers. Here is what it means.
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Section 12A of the IBC lets a company settle and withdraw from insolvency, but only with 90% Committee of Creditors approval. The procedure, borrower defences and the Supreme Court Vallal RCK ruling.
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In Phoenix ARC vs Spade Financial Services (AIR 2021 SC 776), the Supreme Court held related party financial creditors have no vote on the Committee of Creditors under Section 21(2) IBC.
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Approval of a company's IBC resolution plan does not discharge a personal guarantor. Lalit Kumar Jain (2021) keeps surety liability co-extensive. Defences, deposits and timelines.
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In Anuj Jain vs Axis Bank (26 February 2020), the Supreme Court unwound Jaypee Infratech's mortgages over 858 acres as preferential and undervalued transactions under Sections 43 and 45 of the IBC.
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A loan default is not enforceable forever. After Kotak Mahindra Bank v A. Balakrishnan (2022), a DRT recovery certificate restarts the three-year limitation clock for Section 7 IBC.
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Union of India vs Ganpati Dealcom (23 August 2022): the Supreme Court held the 1988 Benami Act's criminal and confiscation provisions void, so the 2016 amendment applies only from 25 October 2016.
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The SARFAESI agricultural-land exemption under Section 31(i) is not automatic: since the Supreme Court's K. Sreedhar ruling of 5 January 2023, the borrower must prove actual agricultural use.
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The Supreme Court in K. Sashidhar vs Indian Overseas Bank (5 February 2019) held that neither the NCLT nor the NCLAT can review a Committee of Creditors' rejection of a resolution plan under the IBC.
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A lease can survive a bank's SARFAESI possession, but only on the timing. The Supreme Court's 2019 Bajarang Agarwal test, the Section 17 route, and the defences that work.
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On 10 March 2021 the Supreme Court held a CoC's 84.36% approval of a late resolution plan could not be second-guessed by the NCLAT on timeline grounds under the IBC, 2016.
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SARFAESI Section 18 makes a 50% pre-deposit mandatory before the DRAT hears a borrower's appeal. Narayan Chandra Ghosh v UCO Bank (2011) says it can drop to 25% but never be waived.
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In Laxmi Pat Surana (AIR 2021 SC 1707), the Supreme Court held a financial creditor can take a corporate guarantor into CIRP under Section 7 IBC even where the principal borrower is not a company.
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On 15 March 2021 the Supreme Court held in Jagatramka vs Jindal Steel (AIR 2021 SC 1563) that a promoter barred by Section 29A IBC cannot use a Section 230 scheme to regain a company in liquidation.
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The Supreme Court's 2019 Embassy Property ruling holds that NCLT cannot review a government's sovereign decisions under the IBC - here is the forum map, procedure and borrower defences that follow.
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On 4 October 2018 the Supreme Court read Section 29A of the IBC for the first time, fixing eligibility at the resolution-plan submission date and piercing the corporate veil to find connected NPA accounts.
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On 27 July 2022 the Supreme Court upheld the ED's core PMLA powers - Section 5 attachment, Section 8(4) possession, Section 17 search, Section 50 summons - in Vijay Madanlal Choudhary.
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The Supreme Court's Vidarbha Industries ruling made NCLT admission of an IBC Section 7 insolvency petition discretionary, not automatic. Here is how borrowers can use that defence, settle, or appeal.
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On 31 August 2012 the Supreme Court held Sahara's OFCDs were a disguised public issue under Section 55A(b) of the Companies Act 1956, ordering a Rs 27,000 crore refund to 2.2 crore investors.
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On 20 January 2012 the Supreme Court ruled in (2012) 6 SCC 613 that Section 9(1)(i) of the Income Tax Act 1961 does not tax offshore indirect transfers of Indian shares. The judgement, decoded.
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On 23 November 2017 the Supreme Court struck down Section 45(1) PMLA's twin bail conditions as manifestly arbitrary under Articles 14 and 21. Here is what the ruling held and why it still matters.
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The Supreme Court's 2023 Goenka ruling: an approved IBC resolution plan extinguishes the company's debt but not the signatory-director's personal Section 138 cheque-bounce liability.
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In Newtech Promoters (11 Nov 2021), the Supreme Court held Section 18 RERA gives a delayed-possession homebuyer an unqualified, unconditional right to a refund with prescribed interest.
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On 13 December 2023 a seven-judge Supreme Court bench held an unstamped arbitration agreement is inadmissible in evidence but not void. What the Interplay ruling (2023 INSC 1066) means.
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The Supreme Court's 19 May 2022 order set up a one-year pilot of 25 special courts in five states and online mediation to clear roughly 33.4 lakh pending Section 138 cheque-bounce cases.
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Kailash Nath Associates v DDA held that damage or loss is a sine qua non under Section 74 of the Indian Contract Act 1872. What that means for forfeited earnest money after Godrej Projects, 2025.
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Ssangyong (8 May 2019) narrowed Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: patent illegality under Section 34(2A) is a domestic-award ground, and public policy allows no merits review.
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The Supreme Court's 2011 Suraj Lamp ruling held SA/GPA/WILL transfers convey no title. Under Section 54 of the Transfer of Property Act, only a registered sale deed makes you the owner.
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On 8 April 2004 the Supreme Court upheld the SARFAESI Act but struck down the 75% pre-deposit under Section 17(2) as violative of Article 14. Here is what the ruling means for borrowers.
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Aneeta Hada v Godfather Travels (2012) 5 SCC 661 holds that under Section 141 of the NI Act 1881 a company must be arraigned before its directors can face a cheque-bounce case.
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On 13 November 1995 the Supreme Court held in V.P. Shantha (1995 SCC (6) 651) that paid medical treatment is a service under the Consumer Protection Act, so patients are consumers.
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Vidya Drolia v Durga Trading Corporation (14 Dec 2020) laid down a fourfold test for non-arbitrability and held Transfer of Property Act tenancies arbitrable, rent control tenancies not.
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In 1997, with no statute on workplace sexual harassment, the Supreme Court used Article 32 and Article 141 to lay down the binding Vishaka Guidelines that governed until the 2013 POSH Act.
Enforcement
The Supreme Court declined to disturb a Delhi High Court ruling that former NSE chief Chitra Ramkrishna is a public servant, letting the CBI co-location case proceed to trial.
Insurance
In Sulbha Motegaonkar v LIC (5 October 2015), the Supreme Court held that a concealed illness with no link to the cause of death cannot justify claim repudiation. Here is what it means for you.
Insurance
ECGC v Garg Sons, (2014) 1 SCC 686, holds insurance terms must be read strictly and literally: 15 of 17 claims worth Rs 37,76,528 failed on a late declaration form.
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Balram Prasad v Kunal Saha (24 October 2013) fixed how consumer commissions compute just compensation for medical negligence: the multiplier method, loss of consortium and interest, explained.
Insurance
National Insurance v Hindustan Safety Glass, decided 7 April 2017: the Supreme Court held a 12-month policy limitation clause cannot defeat a claim the insurer's own survey delayed.
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Lalit Kumar Jain (21 May 2021) holds that approval of a corporate debtor's resolution plan does not ipso facto discharge the personal guarantor. What survives paragraph 111, and what does not.
Insurance
The Supreme Court held on 24 September 2004 that a burglary policy covers theft only where entry or exit was by forcible and violent means. Here is how that definition decides a claim.
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The Supreme Court upheld IBC Sections 95 to 100 on 9 November 2023 in Dilip B Jiwrajka, but read natural justice into Section 100: a personal guarantor gets a full hearing and a reasoned order.
Insurance
The Supreme Court held on 22 February 2000 in Modern Insulators that an insurer cannot enforce an exclusion clause it never communicated. The money, the evidence and the limits of the rule.
Insurance
The Supreme Court's 10 July 2009 ruling in Satwant Kaur Sandhu fixed the test for a material fact in a mediclaim proposal: anything a prudent insurer would weigh. Here is what that costs.
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The Supreme Court held on 11 October 2011 in Suraj Lamp v State of Haryana that sale agreement, GPA and will packages convey no title. Only a registered deed of conveyance transfers property.
Insurance
The Supreme Court's 24 April 2019 ruling in Reliance Life v Rekhaben Rathod upheld the repudiation of a Rs 10 lakh claim over one undisclosed policy. What Section 45 requires now, and the numbers.
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On 10 September 2013 the Supreme Court held in MSR Leathers v S. Palaniappan that a payee may re-present a bounced cheque and prosecute on a later dishonour under Section 138, overruling a 1998 rule.
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The 2016 amendment to Section 13(8) of SARFAESI ends a borrower's right of redemption the day the Rule 9(1) auction notice is published. Celir LLP, decided 21 September 2023, confirms it.
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When a company cheque bounces under Section 138, who goes to court? The Supreme Court 2005 ruling in S.M.S. Pharmaceuticals v Neeta Bhalla fixed the rule for director liability.
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On 13 November 1995 the Supreme Court held in IMA v V.P. Shantha that paid medical treatment is a service and patients are consumers. What it decided and how it applies in 2026.
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Kanaiyalal Lalchand Sachdev (2011) holds that a Magistrate-assisted takeover under SARFAESI Section 14 must be challenged before the DRT under Section 17 within 45 days, not by writ.
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Narayan Chandra Ghosh v UCO Bank makes the 50% pre-deposit for a DRAT appeal under SARFAESI Section 18 mandatory, reducible only to a 25% floor. The procedure, defences and timelines.
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